Searching for the Truth? Search Engine Responses to Conspiratorial Search Practices
Kateryna Kasianenko, Caroline Gardam, Katherine M. FitzGerald, Ashwin Nagappa, Daniel Angus, Shir Weinbrand, Samantha Vilkins, Axel Bruns, Abdul Karim Obeid
26 Nov. 2025 – Paper presented at the AANZCA 2025 conference, Sunshine Coast
2025 is finally over, but other than as part of the liveblogs I haven't yet had a chance to round up our various presentations at conferences during the second half of the past year. We ended the year with the AANZCA conference on the Sunshine Coast, where I presented what was something of a labour of love: a look back on ten turbulent years of the #auspol hashtag on what used to be Twitter.
Through the efforts of a series of excellent data scientists in our QUT Digital Media Research Centre (DMRC) team (especially Brenda Moon, Felix Münch, Jan Tan …
And the final speaker in this session at the AANZCA 2025 conference is my QUT colleague Nguyen Do Doan Hanh, whose focus is on reinterpreting masculinities through a Vietnamese virtual influencer. Virtual influencers are stylised social media figures existing across multiple social media platforms; they are artificially created and represent various agents.
Such figures have commercial potential, are aesthetically constructed, and navigate various environmental and ethical concerns about influencer culture; they are often hyper-feminised and embedded in patriarchal, cultural gender roles. In Vietnam, such roles are affected by a range of historical influences from Asian and western cultures.
The fourth speaker in this session the AANZCA 2025 conference is Milica Stilinovic, whose focus is also on conspiracy theories, and especially on how people are drawn from more mundane spaces into far-right conspiracist ideation. This is often described as falling down the rabbit-hole, but the linear descent into alternative thinking that this image describes is not an accurate description of contemporary dynamics. Instead, there are any number of conspiracy theories available for users to explore, from which they may pick and choose their own worldviews.
This may involve drawing a demarcation line between those theories that users are willing …
The next speaker in this session at the AANZCA 2025 conference is again my QUT colleague Kate FitzGerald, this time presenting our research into how generative AI chatbots respond to queries about conspiracy theories. We have already seen how engagement with such chatbots can create harm, and it is important to examine what safety guardrails are in place to prevent chatbots from supporting conspiracy theories.
We examined this by assuming the persona of a casually curious chatbot user, asking a series of questions related to various such conspiracy theories. These include historical stories such as the assassination of John F …
The next speaker in this session at the AANZCA 2025 conference is Byron Clark, who continues the focus on conspiracy theories with a particular focus on New Zealand. His interest is in discourses of climate change on Reality Check Radio, a station operated by the group Voices for Freedom, which takes an explicitly anti-mainstream perspective.
The station appears to ‘common sense’ and ‘normalcy’, in the process superseding rational discourse and bypassing factual information; instead, it pushes climate change disinformation by engaging in norm-setting and norm-entrenchment that seeks to define key actor groups such as ‘the community’, ‘the media’, ‘politicians’, and …
The final (!) session at the AANZCA 2025 conference is on conspiracy theories, and starts with my great QUT colleague Kate FitzGerald, presenting her work on the conspiratorial canon. Her focus on the knowledge production processes of conspiracy theorists, and ‘conspiracy theory’ here means an effort to explain events or practices by references to the supposed machinations of powerful people who work to conceal their role. Most people in the Anglosphere have been found to believe in at least one conspiracy theory.
How do conspiracy theorists create knowledge, then? There is a link here to concepts such as participatory disinformation …
The final speakers in this session at the AANZCA 2025 conference are Kieran McGuinness, Hannah Adler, and Susan Grantham, further exploring the role of influencers in the TikTok and Instagram campaigns of the major parties during the 2025 Australian federal election. This project surveyed Australian voters for their experiences with political content on these platforms during the election, some months after the election. It received some 1661 responses from a diverse group of participants.
Participants used these platforms at minimum several time a week; around 50% used them several times a day or more. There were no substantial gender differences …
The third speaker in this panel at the AANZCA 2025 conference is the great Susan Grantham, focussing on the 2025 Australian federal election campaign on TikTok. TikTok is now also a political campaigning tool; it was present in the 2024 US election campaign, and again in the 2025 Australian election. This study collected some 289 TikTok posts from the Australian Labor Party, 112 from the Greens, and 154 from the Liberals; the interest here is in the content and communication strategies that such content reveals.
The Greens had some 80 positive and policy-focussed videos; some 46 covered traditional political procedures …
