Journalism

The next presenter in this morning session at IAMCR 2023 is Katharina Schöppl, whose interest is in news avoidance amongst users of alternative media. Media are critical to the construction of a shared reality and public sphere, yet media realities are not comprehensive, which gives rise to alternative news media options as well as news avoidance. Such (intentional or unintentional) avoidance as well as use of alternative media is seen as problematic as it reduces people’s ability to participate fully in public debate, and should also be seen as a political act.

There are many definitions of alternative media; some …

The first session at IAMCR 2023 this hot Tuesday morning starts with Raül Nuevo Gascó, and his focus is on populism. But this term is being used in very different ways by different scholars as well as in mainstream media, and instead Raül is moving from an essentialist to a constructivist perspective, and from an inductive to a deductive approach. This accepts that populism can have different meanings; that these differ between different national contexts; and that these meanings are collectively constructed in each case. So, how and where is this done in each case?

Meaning construction operates through the …

And the final speaker for this session and this day at IAMCR 2023 is Aline Duelen, whose focus is on the use of AI in combatting disinformation. Disinformation is a major problem in online communication spaces today, of course, and there is some existing research that identifies factors that play a role in detecting disinformation – but these cannot easily be automated, as their application usually requires the application of critical thinking skills. The development of more automated systems therefore requires citizen co-creation approaches.

The present project undertook such a workshop with 26 Belgian citizens. It first explored their news …

The next paper in this IAMCR 2023 session is by Livia Gardía-Faroldi, who presents a comparative analysis of disinformation on social media across the UK, France, and Spain. Such a comparative study is necessary given the very different political and media environments across these countries. Do the audiences in these countries differ in their interest and trust in the news; their concern about fake news; and their use of social media for informational purposes? How are these attitudes associated with one another, and does this differ across these countries? The project explored these questions through a questionnaire.

Key findings are …

The next paper in this IAMCR 2023 session is An Nguyen, with a focus on pandemic news avoidance on social media in Vietnam. A key aspect of this research project, therefore, is its focus on a non-democratic society: pandemic news avoidance has been studied in some detail already for western democracies and their saturated media environments, but the focus on Vietnam is new. How does news avoidance work here?

The project conducted some 21 face-to-face interviews with Vietnamese news users, with a focus on social news use and avoidance, and from these interviews developed a broader questionnaire which was promoted …

The next speaker in this IAMCR 2023 session is Ana Filipa Oliveira, whose interest is also in young people and the news. There is a sense that younger and older generations have very different relationships with the news, and this is expressed also in their divergent news consumption patterns; younger audiences tend to favour more autonomous, hands-on and creative approaches to knowledge acquisition, and are also more active media producers on their own terms. But what do they think news is, and how does this affect their news habits? How might we research this?

Examining this may need the use …

The final session on this first full day of IAMCR 2023 is on how audiences consume (or perhaps engage with) disinformation, and the first presenter is Hillel Nossek, with a focus on news consumption by Jewish youth in Israel. He describes this group as ‘newsers’: new news consumers. What characterises this group, then?

The study built on a representative nationwide survey of 673 young people of age 15-18 (i.e. not quite of voting age just yet) at state and state-religious schools; questionnaires were distributed during school hours to ensure participation. The top news medium for this group was social media …

The final speaker in this session at IAMCR 2023 is Beate Josephi, whose focus is on the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine. Her interest is in the initial annexation of Crimea in March 2014, and the focus here is on how Russia argued its case at that point – in this case, through the coverage in the Russian weekly newspaper Argumenti i Fakti.

A background to this event was the postponement of Ukraine’s association agreement with the EU by then-Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovich in favour of a greater alignment with Russia, and the Euromaidan protests that ensued in …

The third speaker in this packed IAMCR 2023 session is Barbie Zelizer, whose interest is in the ways Cold War logic hides propaganda in democracies. Practices of obfuscation are now ever-present, but our discussion changes depending on the type of regime (autocratic, democratic, …) we are talking about. In autocracies, information disorder is equated with propaganda, and linked to a long-term history of government control of information; in democracies, information disorders are seen as a new phenomenon linked to disinformation, and related to current conditions of polarisation, populism, and digital technology.

But during the Cold War, conditions in media and …

For the afternoon session on this first day of IAMCR 2023 I am in a session on propaganda, which starts with Courtney Radsch. Her focus is on the use of artificial intelligence in state-aligned information operations. She notes the rise of populist authoritarianism, the emergence of coordinated inauthentic behaviour, the emergence of reputation management firms, and a number of other problematics we have seen in recent years; some of this directly targets journalists and journalism with state-aligned propaganda and harassment.

But how do such tactics leverage the machine learning and AI systems of online platforms, and use AI in their …