It’s Wednesday, I think, and I’ve made it from AoIR in Philadelphia to the COMNEWS 2023 conference in Bali, Indonesia, where I’m giving one of the opening keynotes this morning. Here are the slides:
The final speakers in this session at AoIR 2023 are Marcel Alves dos Santos Jr. and, again, Emilie de Keulenaar (and I’m on 2% charge, so let’s see how far we get here). Marcel begins by pointing to Brazil’s unresolved relationship with its past military dictatorships: its Constitution of 1988 was accompanied by an amnesty for members of the military who were implicated in human rights abuses.
These issues were brought to the forefront again during the imprisonment of former president Lula da Silva and the presidency of former soldier Jair Bolsonaro, which emboldened military leaders to involve themselves …
The next speaker in this AoIR 2023 session are João Carlos Magalhães and Emilie de Keulenaar, who begins by outlining the recent history of platform content moderation – from the relatively minimalist approach of the 2000s to early 2010s, influenced by a maximalist and very American understanding of free speech and executed mainly through manual means, to the more interventionist moderation since the mid-2010s, recognising the multiple harms of unlimited free speech, building on a more European and international human rights framework, and utilising much more automated means of moderation.
Content moderation is among the most consequential and controversial systems …
The final session on this second full day at AoIR 2023 is on deplatforming, and starts with Richard Rogers and Emilie de Keulenaar. Richard begins by outlining the idea of trace research – using the ‘exhaust’ of the Web to study societal trends unobtrusively, not least also with the help of computational social science methods.
This understood platforms as mere intermediaries, carrying content, yet more forceful interventions by platforms to shape communication practices – e.g. by deplatforming unacceptable speech acts and actors – have shown that platforms are themselves also active and self-interested stakeholders here, whose algorithmic interventions complicate the …
The post-lunch session at AoIR 2023 starts with a panel on the far right, and I’ll be slightly distracted as I’m also keeping an eye on the second half of the Hannover 96 – FC Magdeburg match, but let’s see how we go. We’re starting with Mathilda Åkerlund, whose interest is in the racialisation of sexual assault reports from Sweden by the US far-right.
Sweden has losing had a very positive international image, and ranks highly globally in quality of life, social welfare, and other indices – yet the international far right has attempted to reconfigure this image to claim …
The final speaker at this AoIR 2023 session is Zelly Martin, whose focus is on the female spreaders of health disinformation. This is also in the context of the US Supreme Court’s decision to undermine the right to abortion in the United States, which is part of a long history of activism against abortion, birth control, and female reproductive rights. These in turn are motivated in part by the racist fear that white people in the US are going to be replaced by people of colour, which sees reproductive rights as a vehicle for this so-called ‘Great Replacement’.
The next speaker in this fascinating AoIR 2023 session is Yvonne Eadon, whose interest is in the subscription-based streaming platform Gaia.com, the self-declared ‘Netflix of consciousness-raising media’. She describes this as a kind of conspirituality capitalism, which is perhaps accidentally encountered by people searching for life advice and spiritual content. It features plenty of ‘alternative spirituality’ and ‘unexplained phenomena’ content alongside material on yoga practice, and thus appears to deliberately create a yoga-to-conspiracy pipeline.
Gaia started as a yoga equipment retailer initiated by a Czech entrepreneur, but moved more and more into streaming content, including costly in-person live-streamed events …
The next presenter in this AoIR 2023 session is Kamile Grusauskaite, whose interest is in the deplatforming of mis- and disinformation – the removal of accounts for breaking platform rules, for instance on disinformation or hate speech. This has particularly targetted conspiracy theorists, yet such conspiracists still spread on alternative media or find ways to circumvent prohibitions on mainstream media.
Conspiracy theories can be understood as a form of stigmatised knowledge, and represent a form of deviance on the Internet. Kamile researched this through an ethnographic approach, tracing conspiracy theorists’ moves across platforms and attending two US conspiracist conventions, where …
The next session at AoIR 2023 that I’m in is on conspiracies, and starts with Elisabetta Zurovac, whose focus is on COVID-19 conspiracy theories. These seek to undermine trust in the established science and mainstream media coverage, and this is related to a broader erosion of trust in established knowledge. They encourage people to ‘do their own research’ and are often building also in important ways on visual content.
The visual culture of conspiracy theories draws in important ways also on screenshotting practices: images produced by screen capturing functions on digital devices which claim a certain documentary nature and appeal …
And the final speaker in this AoIR 2023 session is Fatima Gaw, whose interest is in the political economy of social media manipulation. Thus far we only have a very partial knowledge of this political economy; there is work focussing on bots, trolls, and fake accounts, using big but limited social media data, or occasionally doing ethnographic work. There is also much reliance on secondary sources. Further interdisciplinary methods combining these and other approaches are needed to determine the scope and scale of this political economy.
A starting point here may be the covert campaigning by political influencers. This involves …
