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The next speaker in this session at the 2026 International Communication Association conference in Cape Town is Jiyoun Suk. Her interest is in whether engagement metrics on social media actually measure attention: the average engagement rate across the major platforms is below 2%; in the US, for instance, some 70% never post or comment about political or social issues. So do attention and engagement actually align, and under what conditions – and what does this mean for what we can draw from the data we have?

We can expect a gap between attention and engagement because engagement requires crossing an …

The next speaker in this panel at the 2026 International Communication Association conference in Cape Town is Kilian Bühling, whose focus is on reconstructing deleted Telegram messages to prevent potential biases in data analysis. Message deletion and data loss is a common issue in working with digital trace data; the volume of deleted messages in a data sample increases over time, so data collected a substantial time after an even will miss quite a lot of messages.

This challenges the validity of analyses of such data, as well as the reproducibility of data analyses by other researchers; indeed, it is …

The next speaker in this session at the 2026 International Communication Association conference in Cape Town is Ernesto de León, whose interest is in who donates digital trace data. Data donation studies have become increasingly popular in recent times, of course, but continue to be plagued by sample bias: some users are simply much more likely to be willing to donate data to researchers.

The focus of criticism has been on the willingness to debate, the lack of data on non-participants, and the limited efforts to scope the downstream effects from biased data donation samples. The present project addressed these …

The third day at the 2026 International Communication Association conference in Cape Town starts for me with a session on digital trace data, and a paper by Kyle van Gaeveren, whose interest is in digital trace data. He notes that digital log data have always been very smartphone-dependent, and comparisons of this with laptop-derived trace data are important.

His project provided laptops to some 100 knowledge workers, and used a tool called ActivityWatch to trace which laptop and smartphone apps people were using; this tracked duration, frequency, and fragmentation, but also switching between devices and user mood. Part of the …

The final speaker in this session at the 2026 International Communication Association conference in Cape Town is Fatima Gaw, whose focus is on political influencers in Asia and North America. These have been integrated into party politics, instrumentalists for foreign propaganda, involved in journalistic works, and other areas; but most ‘political’ influencers do not solely post about politics, but are considerably more diverse in their attributes and activities.

This means that they are often miscategorised as inherently political; but their persuasive potential results not only from their political themes but also from their personal communication styles. We must instead pay …

The next speaker in this session at the 2026 International Communication Association conference in Cape Town is Tom Divon, whose focus is on advocacy influencers in the Middle East. These operate in a post-Arab Spring environment, which fundamentally changed the role of social media platforms in public communication in these countries: where they once helped the Arab Spring develop, they are now used (and allow themselves to be used) as instruments of state oppression. In response, activists worked out that they needed to exploit the affordances of the medium to get their messages out, without triggering the moderation mechanisms that …

The next speaker in this panel on influencers at the 2026 International Communication Association conference in Cape Town is Desirée Schmuck. Here, the focus is on ordinary people who gained popularity through their social media activities, and excludes people who are influential because of their pre-existing popularity.

Such influencers are increasingly relevant especially for young audiences, but remain undertheorised; theory tends to draw on opinion leadership, but whether this applies to influencers still needs to be examined in more detail. They do of course convey opinions, but are not necessarily knowledgeable (as the original opinion leadership model would expect), nor …

The last panel at the 2026 International Communication Association conference in Cape Town for today is on political influencers, and we start with Leiyuan Tian and Fan Liang’s scoping review of influencer concepts, theories, and roles. Political influencers have been research across various contexts, of course, but they remain poorly defined: for example, they may be grassroots or established actors – becoming well-known and developing personal brands through social media activity, or alternatively using their existing visibility as politicians or journalists to branch out into influencer roles.

Political influencers may also no longer always be human actors: AI influencers are …

For the final paper in this session at the 2026 International Communication Association conference in Cape Town we are going back to Mykola Makhortykh, whose focus is on the role of generative AI in representing history-related information. The vast volumes of historical information mean that AI is increasingly used to process such materials, and in recent years there has been a considerable increase in end-users engaging with AI chatbots to explore historical information.

But LLMs also generate new textual and visual content, which can make historical material more accessible but also raises questions about the fabrication of facts and information …

The next speaker at the 2026 International Communication Association conference in Cape Town is Javier Amores, whose focus is on toxicity, hate speech, and engagement in Spanish parties’ tweets about gender and sexuality. Sexual and gender identity, sexual freedom, and related topics have been a matter of considerable debate in Spain, even though Spain has made great advances in liberalisation and inclusivity in recent years; there is a need to examine how this has affected how parties communicate about these issues on social media platforms, and what engagement this produces.

This project explores this for tweets between 2015 and 2023 …